If you withdraw money from your individual retirement account before age 59 1/2, you will generally have to pay a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty in addition to income tax on the amount withdrawn. This means a $5,000 withdrawal taken by a mid-career worker in the 25 percent tax bracket would result in $1,750 in taxes and penalties. But there are a variety of ways to avoid the IRA early withdrawal penalty if you meet specific criteria:
Turn age 59 1/2. Once you turn age 59 1/2, you can withdraw any amount from your IRA without having to pay the 10 percent penalty. But regular income tax will still be due on each withdrawal. IRA distributions are not required until after age 70 1/2.
College costs. You can avoid the early withdrawal penalty if you use the distribution to pay for higher education costs for you, your spouse or the children or grandchildren of you or your spouse. Spending the money on tuition, fees, books and other supplies required for attendance will get you an exemption from the 10 percent penalty.
Room and board also count if the individual attending college is at least a half-time student. Qualifying institutions include colleges, universities and vocational schools eligible to participate in federal student aid programs.
However, IRA distributions are considered taxable income and could impact your child's eligibility for federal financial aid. "Let's say the tuition payment is $25,000. You have just added $25,000 of taxable income," says Jeremy Portnoff, a certified financial planner for Portnoff Financial in Woodbridge, N.J. "It could push you into a higher bracket, you could pay a higher tax rate on that money and it could affect your ability to take deductions."
A first home purchase. You can take a penalty-free IRA distribution of up to $10,000 ($20,000 for couples) to buy, build or rebuild your first home or the first home of you or your spouse's child, grandchild or parent. For the purposes of avoiding the IRA early withdrawal penalty, the IRS considers you to be a first-time homeowner if you or your spouse did not own a home during the two-year period leading up to the home sale. If the purchase or construction of your home is canceled or delayed, put the money back in your IRA within 120 days of the distribution to avoid the penalty.
Medical expenses. You can use IRA distributions to pay for unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed 10 percent of your adjusted gross income without incurring the early withdrawal penalty. "The distribution has to be in the same year as the medical expense," says Kathleen Campbell, a certified financial planner for Campbell Financial Partners in Fort Myers, Fla.
Health insurance. IRA distributions can be taken without penalty to pay for health insurance for you, your spouse and your dependents following a period of unemployment. To qualify, you need to receive unemployment compensation for 12 consecutive weeks due to job loss. The distribution must be taken in the year you received the unemployment compensation or the following year, and no later than 60 days after you have been reemployed.
Disability. If you become disabled to the point that you cannot participate in gainful activity due to your physical or mental condition, you can quality for an exemption to the early withdrawal penalty. But be prepared to prove it. "A physician must determine that your condition can be expected to result in death or to be of long, continued and indefinite duration," according to the IRS.
Leave it to an heir. If you die before age 59 1/2, your traditional IRA can be distributed to a beneficiary or your estate without incurring the 10 percent penalty. However, if a spouse inherits the IRA and elects to treat it as his or her own, it may become subject to the 10 percent penalty. "If the spouse is under age 59 1/2 and they think they will need the money before age 59 1/2, I would leave it as the inherited IRA," Portnoff says. "If that spouse rolls it over to their IRA, they are subject to the 10 percent penalty."
